Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with that of 10% citric acid and newer irrigant QMix in the removal of smear layer from root canal wall dentin. Materials and Methods: Twenty single-rooted teeth were accessed and instrumented with crown down technique up to protaper F3. Between each instrument used, the canals were irrigated with 1 ml of 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). After instrumentation, the teeth were irrigated with distilled water and then divided into four groups according to the different surface treatment with different irrigants. The irrigants used were 1% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid, and newer irrigant QMix. The samples were prepared and observed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Three photomicrographs (Χ2000) were recorded for each sample regarding the apical, middle, and cervical thirds. A score system described by Takeda et al. was used to evaluate the images.

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Background: The variations in the morphology of the soft palate in normal patients help to establish the variations in morphology in various diseases. The classification system and statistical findings help to research velopharyngeal closure in cleft palate individuals and etiological study of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and other conditions. The aim of our study was to investigate the variations in the velar morphology and to analyze the variations of length and density of the soft palate. Materials and Methods: In this study, a sample of 100 normal digital lateral cephalograms was analyzed for the variations in morphology of the soft palate and evaluated for analysis of length and density of the soft palate. Results: The morphology of the soft palate showed seven different morphological types. There was a significant difference in length of the soft palate between preadult and adult age groups. Males showed significantly longer and denser soft palate than the females. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in length of the soft palate between preadult and adult age groups. Males showed signifi cantly longer and denser soft palate than the females

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Squamous odontogenic tumor-like proliferation (SOT-LP) is a nonneoplastic lesion with a histological pattern similar to that of the SOT. This entity is characterized by SOT proliferations isolated in the cyst wall of an odontogenic cyst. This pattern is rarely seen in radicular cysts. The nature of these proliferations is not clear, and there is a varied opinion on the origin. Although it has a benign behavior, it should be differentiated from other aggressive lesions such as intraosseous carcinoma, ameloblastoma, odontogenic keratocyst, and SOT. Knowledge about this unusual lesion can help in the accurate diagnosis and treatment of the patients. Here, we are discussing a rare case of an SOT-LP emerging in a radicular cyst of the maxilla.

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Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of temperature rise on a single rooted tooth during biomechanical tooth preparation, obturation and root canal preparation for radicular post. Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted human mandibular premolars with a single canal, extracted for orthodontic reasons, were stored in saline. Access cavity was prepared with endo access bur and pulp extirpations were done. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups of 9 teeth each. In group 1 and group 2 cleaning and shaping of the root canal was done using protaper file system and Hyflex system respectively. In group 3 and 4 obturation was done using Step-One obturation system and Calamus Dual respectively. In group 5 post space preparation was done using peeso reamers. Each sample tooth was embedded in alginate contained in Eppendorf tube. Tooth was placed in water bath with the two thermocouples attached at the apical and middle third which was in turn attached to thermometer. The rise in temperature was noted at the desired level and statistical analysis was done. Results and Conclusion: The mean temperature rise at the middle third for group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 was 0.4°C, 0.15°C, 1.80°C,10.33°C, 9.46°C respectively. The mean temperature rise at the apical third for group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 was 0.08°C, 0.08°C, 1.20°C, 6.91°C, 6.4°C respectively. ANOVA showed significant difference in mean temperatures of different methods. post hoc test comparison using Duncan's test revealed maximum rise in temperature during obturation using Calamus dual (Group 4).

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Salivary duct cyst is the rare nonneoplastic lesion of the salivary gland. Although most authors describe salivary duct cyst and mucocele as one entity, we are describing them separately because of different histopathological features. Unlike a mucocele, which is surrounded by granulation tissue, the salivary duct cyst is lined by epithelium. This article reports a case of salivary duct cyst in a 13-year-old male child in the parotid gland duct.

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Aims and Objectives: To assess the prevalence of caries experience using decay-missing-filled teeth (DMFT)/decayed, extracted, and filled teeth (deft) index and severity of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries (PUFA/pufa index) in the age groups of 6, 12, and 15 years in urban and rural school going children of Visakhapatnam District. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 689 rural and urban school going children of Visakhapatnam District with the age groups of 6, 12, and 15 years were randomly selected. Intra oral examination was carried out to assess dental caries experience using the World Health Organization criteria. For data collection, DMFT/deft and PUFA/pufa index were used and data collected was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The mean prevalence of caries (DMFT + deft > 0) in rural: 37.37% and urban: 26.28%, and the mean prevalence of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries (PUFA + pufa > 0) in rural: 11.9% and urban: 10.7%. The "untreated caries, PUFA ratio" for 6 years children was found to be 53.33% in rural and 50% in urban, for 12 years children was found to be 41.05% and 16.43%, whereas for 15 years it is 15% and 17.54% in rural and urban children, respectively. Conclusion: The study showed that the prevalence of clinical consequence of the untreated dental caries is high in the rural children of age groups 6 and 12. Hence, the use of PUFA/pufa index as a compliment to the classical caries indices can address the neglected problem of untreated caries and its consequences. Furthermore, PUFA/pufa data may be used for planning, monitoring, and evaluating the treatment plan by the health care providers.

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Introduction: Malocclusion is considered to be a public health problem and the prevalence of occlusal anomalies, the need and demand for orthodontic treatment should be ascertained within a given community. Aim: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion among 12-15 years old students. Materials and Methods: A multistage random sampling technique was used from various schools of Ambala district and data were collected using type III examination on a modified WHO oral health assessment form 1997. Result: Data was analyzed using the Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, post hoc and ANOVAs probability tests. The mean dental esthetic index were 26.2 for males and 25.7 for females. Conclusion: Prevalence of orthodontic need was high and needed intervention.

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"Kissing" or "rosetting" of molars is a rare phenomenon which refers to contacting occlusal surfaces of impacted permanent mandibular second, third, and very rarely, a fourth molar. Kissing molars may occur alone or accompanied by other disorders such as mucopolysaccharidosis. Early surgical intervention is essential as this condition could cause serious complications, including the formation of pathologies such as dentigerous cyst or destruction of the adjacent bone. Here, we report a rare case of unilateral impaction of molars with occlusal surfaces facing each other in the lower jaw.

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Mandibular incisors are smallest teeth in the dentition. It is assumed that mandibular incisor is the most easy tooth to treat but sometimes these teeth are difficult to treat because of presence of extra canal which is present more lingually and often misdiagnosed and leads to treatment failure. Success of root canal treatment depends on careful diagnosis of additional canal and thorough debridement of root canal space and obtaining a fluid-tight seal. Thus, this article emphasis on careful management of mandibular incisors with the second canal (type II anatomy) in a single patient.

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Within the field of dentistry, loss of primary teeth due to caries, pulp conditions, and crown fractures has been recognized as one of the most severe etiological factors of dental problems in the pediatric dentistry field. One of the greatest headways in dentistry in the last years encompasses the adhesion to enamel of primary teeth; this has led to the development of many techniques to restore the tooth. In spite of all the preventive measures adopted, caries still remains a most common chronic childhood disease.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a potentially disabling condition characterized by disruptive snoring, repeated episodes of complete or partial pharyngeal obstruction during sleep resulting in nocturnal hypoxemia, frequent arousals, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Among adults, sleep apnea is more common than asthma. Recognized as a separate clinical entity nearly 35 years ago, OSA still remains substantial but frequently ignored public health threat. Although recognized for centuries, its importance for individuals and society has only recently been appreciated. Because individuals with narrow airways and/or craniofacial anomalies may have increased risk for OSA/hypopnea syndrome, dentistry can play a pivotal role in the identification and possible treatment of patients with this syndrome. This article makes an attempt to review some of the basic aspects of this sleep-related disorder, its diagnosis, pathophysiology, various treatment options, and consequences in adults as well as children.

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Over-the-counter, (OTC) dental products are oral care products sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional. In the recent years, there is an increase in a number of the OTC products which make false claims and without sound scientific evidence. In many developed countries, OTC products are regulated by federal regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and also by the countries professional dental organizations such as the American Dental Association (ADA). ADA provides a seal of approval to those products, however, in many developing countries; the OTC dental products are not regulated due to lax rules. Vendors use this opportunity and are marketing OTC products without sound scientific evidence. While in the some developed countries of Northern America professional bodies provide with their seal of approval for many OTC products. This will help individuals to make their choice. This review paper presents an overview of OTC dental products with questionable scientific evidence and their effects on the oral health. The main purpose of the review is to highlight the need for regulation in the sale of these OTC dental products.

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